How can the ocean give us clean energy?

by Julia Layton

http://dsc.discovery.com

In the face of increasing energy demands and increasingly problematic energy sources, the appeal of using the ocean to generate power is obvious: Water covers more than 70 percent of the Earth's surface, and it's not going anywhere any time soon.

And, like the wind and the sun, the ocean — its waves, tides and temperature gradations — can be harnessed to generate clean electricity, with no emissions or byproducts to manage.

Ocean energy taps into the power of interactions between oceans and the wind (wave energy), the moon (tidal energy), and the sun (thermal energy). The technologies are pretty far behind wind and solar as far as large-scale generation goes, but the potential is huge — and growing.

Tidal energy, for one, is already powering homes and businesses.

READ MORE HERE

How to Build a Giant Dinosaur

Sauropods were humongous creatures, but how they got so large is a mystery that paleontologists are still trying to unravel

• By Brian Switek http://www.smithsonianmag.com
  

Argentinosaurus and Futalognkosaurus, pictured, from prehistoric South America, stretched more than 100 feet long and weighed in excess of 70 tons.

They were the most gigantic animals ever to walk the earth. Sauropod dinosaurs—“thin at one end; much, much thicker in the middle; and then thin again at the far end,” as comedian John Cleese described them—were titans that thrived for more than 130 million years. The largest known species, such as Argentinosaurus and Futalognkosaurus from prehistoric South America, stretched more than 100 feet long and weighed in excess of 70 tons. Bones found in the 1870s (and since somehow lost) hint that an enigmatic species dubbed Amphicoelias may have been even bigger still.

No land mammal has ever come close to the size of these gargantuan dinosaurs. The prehistoric hornless rhino Paraceratherium—the largest land mammal ever—was a mere 40 feet long and weighed a paltry 17 tons, and today’s African bush elephants, at 5 tons, would look dainty next to the largest sauropod dinosaurs. (Blue whales, at 100 feet and 200 tons, are a bit more massive than sauropods, but it’s easier, physiologically, to be large in an aquatic environment.)

What was it about these dinosaurs that allowed them to become the biggest terrestrial animals of all time?

Read More Here

Storing Solar Energy

http://dsc.discovery.com/tv/energy-365/

Cannes 2011: With documentary on BP oil spill, a festival tries to dig in

http://latimesblogs.latimes.com

24 Frames

Movies: Past, present and future

The Cannes Film Festival isn't known for its documentaries. But once in a while, a filmmaker takes on a current event in a way that gets the crowd buzzing. That happened in 2004 when Michael Moore came in with "Fahrenheit 9/11" and walked out with a Palme d'Or. And it happened last year when Charles Ferguson premiered his "Inside Job" to festival-goers on the Croisette; amid the glitz and opulence, everyone was talking about the perils of greed.

On Tuesday night, the festival tried the trick again by showing Joshua Tickell and Rebecca Harrell's documentary about the Deepwater Horizon oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico in 2010. There would seem to be a promising cinematic story in the tale of a big corporation acting in dubious moral and legal ways, possibly with the help of the U.S. government, leading to a catastrophe.

The backstory on the spill was a good primer for those who have forgotten the cataclysmic events of that spring. And it was noteworthy to see Peter Fonda pop up; the actor-activist executive produced the film and made a small appearance. But any Fergusonian ambitions were soon extinguished. The crowd squirmed restlessly as the film moved from facts about the spill to topics as tenuously connected as the recent revolution in Egypt and the Japanese nuclear disaster, all while asserting some vague conspiracy between government and corporate activities. The filmmakers are activists in the realm of alternative energy (Tickell previously helmed the doc "Fuel"), and they go from showing the working-man victims in the gulf to talking-head voices of outrage who say things like, "The power system won't save us from corporate forces that kill us."

The you-can-make-a-difference activism is present in Moore's films too, of course, but usually after he has entertainingly worked the crowd into a lather, something that, judging by the audience's reaction here, the filmmakers don't do.

There may yet, however, be a filmic story to tell about the spill -- "Twilight" studio Summit is currently developing one, based on a dramatizing of the hours leading up to the spill.

-- Steven Zeitchik

twitter.com/ZeitchikLAT

Bringing in the Brown On the Delaware River

IS IT FUTURE YET? HYDROGEN CARS

The Hydrogen Road Tour makes a pit stop in Washington, D.C., and Jorge Ribas takes a hydrogen fuel cell-powered car for a spin around the block. http://news.discovery.com/

Kelmayisaurus

The reconstructed skeleton of Giganotosaurus. Photo by Flickr user hoyasmeg.


What was Kelmayisaurus? Discovered in 1973, the lower jaw and partial upper jaw of this large, predatory dinosaur from the Early Cretaceous of China have been frustratingly difficult to interpret. Maybe Kelmayisaurus belonged to some obscure lineage of archaic theropod dinosaurs, or perhaps the fossils were simply parts of some other, already-known dinosaur. In a forthcoming Acta Palaeontologica Polonica paper, researchers Stephen Brusatte, Roger Benson and Xing Xu finally solve the mystery.

Read More Here

Photos: One Year After Deepwater Horizon, Portraits of the Gulf Coast

A year after the devastating explosion aboard the Deepwater Horizon, the Gulf of Mexico is still reeling from the debilitating effects of the largest accidental oil spill in history. Photographer and CBS-affiliate videographer Jackson Fager traversed Louisiana’s coastline to document the seafaring men and women—shrimpers, fishermen, oystermen—many of whom have been stuck on dry land since the environmental tragedy. With a new fishing season on the horizon, Fager recalls the courage and perseverance that have kept them afloat for the past year.




By Jackson Fager• As told to Lenora Jane Estes


http://www.vanityfair.com

... These fishermen remind me of American cowboys—among the most resilient and toughest individuals in the country. They think of themselves as a dying breed. Even before the oil spill, they were facing so many challenges—competition from overseas, hurricanes, fuel prices, and declining demand for their product. Then, when the oil spill happened, they were stripped of their very livelihood, their lifeblood. A lot of them have been out of work for the last year.

They’re such a unique collection of men and women from so many different ethnic backgrounds—Creole, Cajun, Native American, Vietnamese—and most of them are third- or fourth-generation fisherman. They’ve known no other way of life. What’s more, this is the only way of life they want to know. They’re also a people of many skills, out of necessity. If you want to be a commercial fisherman, you also have to be a carpenter, a plumber, and an electrician ...


READ MORE AND VIEW SLIDE SHOW HERE

New Drilling Bills Won't Help With Gas Prices, Will Make Rules Weaker Than Pre-BP Spill

Frances Beinecke

President, Natural Resources Defense Council

This week the House of Representatives will begin voting on a set of bills that would make offshore drilling rules weaker than they were before the BP oil disaster.

I traveled to Louisiana two weeks ago and spoke to people still trying to rebuild their lives and businesses after the spill. It is unconscionable for lawmakers to call for a sweeping expansion of offshore drilling before they put stronger safeguards in place.

And it is cynical for politicians to claim that more drilling will relieve high gas prices.

More drilling only means more profits for the oil industry -- not lower costs at the pump -- and oil companies hardly need a boost right now. They are receiving billions in taxpayer subsidies and reaping record profits. ExxonMobil made nearly $11 billion in the first quarter of 2011 alone.

On top of that, the oil industry is already drilling more than ever before, even with some safeguards in place. Production in the Outer Continental Shelf has increased by more than a third in the past two years, and production in the Gulf of Mexico brought in 1.6 million barrels of oil per day last year -- and all-time record.

Yet despite all that drilling, gas prices continue to soar. Canada drills even more than America, and their gas prices have risen just as sharply as ours. The reason is clear: with rising competition from China and India and with 70 percent of the world's proven oil reserves owned by OPEC nations, more drilling in North America has little effect on the global market.

Even if we expanded offshore drilling considerably, we wouldn't see an impact on gas prices until 2030, and even then it would be a matter of just five cents per gallon, according to data from the Energy Information Agency.

If instead we raise fuel economy standard to 60 miles per gallon by 2025, we could cut driver bills at the pump in half.

Building cars that go farther using less gasoline is the best way to protect Americans from price spikes. It will also create jobs, slash our oil imports, and reduce dangerous air pollution.

President Obama has already started moving America down this road: he established standards requiring vehicles to reach an average of 35.5 miles per gallon by 2016. Now he has a chance to go farther. In September, the government will release the next round of standards, and NRDC is asking the president to set them at 60 miles per gallon. Technologies to meet this goal are well known: strong standards will ensure they come to market.

You can click here to ask President Obama to jumpstart the real solution to gas prices: raising fuel economy standards to 60 miles per gallon by 2025.

This is the kind of solution we need right now. We don't need lawmakers to promote reckless drilling that will fail to lower gas prices and endanger our coasts.

I urge you to call your representative today at 877-573-7693 and say that instead of passing irresponsible bills designed to weaken drilling safeguards, Congress should be strengthening efforts to protect workers, fishermen, coastal tourism, and the marine environment.

Age of cheap fuel is over: IEA

By Bronwyn Herbert

http://www.abc.net.au/news

The IEA says oil prices are likely to rise 30 per cent over the next three years. (Getty Images: Guang Niu, File photo)

One major indicator of inflation is the price of petrol and the latest information from the International Energy Agency (IEA) shows it will only get more expensive.

Oil is deeply embedded in the economy, with the cost reflected not only at the petrol bowser but in food and clothing products.

The IEA is an independent, multi-government agency formed out of the wake of the 1973 oil crisis. It forecasts oil production, monitors the international oil market and other energy sectors.

Only five years ago it confidently stated that oil production was set to rise to 120 million barrels a day by 2030.

But IEA chief economist Fatih Birol says the world's crude oil production peaked in 2006.

He says oil prices are likely to rise 30 per cent over the next three years.

"The existing fields are declining so sharply that in order to stay where we are in terms of production levels in the next 25 years, we have to find and develop four new Saudi Arabias," he said.

"It is a huge, huge challenge that we continue to underline."

Dr Birol says although peak crude oil production is already behind us, liquid natural gases may provide a viable alternative.

But he says one of the conclusions the IEA has come to is that the age of cheap oil is over. At the height of the global financial crisis in 2008, oil spiked to $148 a barrel.

Dr Birol says the impact of both a financial crisis in Europe and global instability in oil-rich regions means crude oil will only get more expensive.

"The amount of increase in the oil input bill in Europe is equal to the government budget deficit of Greece plus Portugal put together," he said.

"It is only the increase value of $90. If it increases further ... we believe [it] will increase at least 20, 30 per cent higher in the next few years to come and this would mean additional pressure on the financing of many governments who are the oil importers."

Dr Birol says the oil reserves might be there but the access is not.

He also says it could be in the best interest of producers if crude oil is not always flooding the market.

"The producers, intentionally or unintentionally, may not bring the oil under the reserves to the markets," he said.

"For some producers, it is better that oil doesn't come to market so they would like to see perhaps higher prices as a result of tightness in the markets."

The IEA says governments around the world need to rethink their reliance on oil.

Birds Inherited Strong Sense of Smell From Dinosaurs

Feathers, air sacs, nesting behavior—the earliest birds owed a lot to their dinosaurian ancestors. The first birds also inherited a strong sense of smell.

Modern birds have not been thought of as excellent scent-detectors, save for some super-smellers such as turkey vultures, which detect the scent of rotting carcasses. We typically think of avians as more visual creatures, and in some birds, the part of the brain that processes information from smells is relatively small.

But birds actually have a diverse array of scent-detecting capabilities, and a poor sense of smell may be a more recent characteristic of some lineages. After all, birds have been around for over 120 million years. We wouldn’t expect that birds have always been the same from the time they originated.

We obviously can’t directly test the ability of fossil organisms to detect scents, but, as shown in a study published this week by Darla Zelenitsky and colleagues, the shape of prehistoric brains may hold some crucial clues about the senses of extinct animals. The key was the olfactory bulb. This is a part of the brain—highlighted by the yellow flash in the video above—that is specialized for perceiving scents.

To estimate how important an animal’s sense of smell was, the scientists looked at the size of the olfactory bulb. This follows from a well-established principle in brain anatomy called proper mass—the more important the function of a brain part is to an animal, the larger that brain region will be. In other words, if an animal had a relatively large olfactory bulb it likely relied heavily on scent, whereas a tiny olfactory bulb would indicate the unimportance of scent to that animal. By comparing modern bird brains with virtual brain casts of extinct birds and non-avian dinosaurs, Zelenitsky and co-authors tracked how the sense of smell developed in dinosaurs and the earliest birds.

The brain anatomy of 157 living and fossil species was examined in the study. What the scientists found did not match the conception that birds lost their smelling skills early. Quite the opposite.

Multiple lines of evidence have confirmed that birds evolved from maniraptoran dinosaurs—a subgroup of coelurosaurs containing dinosaurs such as Deinonychus, Struthiomimus, Oviraptor and others—and the brain studies showed that sense of smell improved during the evolution of this group. The dinosaur Bambiraptor, for example, had a sense of smell comparable to that of turkey vultures and other birds that rely on scents to track down food.

This strong sense of smell was passed on to the earliest birds. Rather than decreasing, the relative olfactory bulb size remained stable during the evolutionary transition between non-avian dinosaurs and the first birds. Unexpectedly, olfactory bulb size then increased as archaic bird lineages proliferated, and the earliest members of the modern bird group—the neornithes—were even better-skilled at picking up scents than their predecessors. In fact, Zelenitsky and colleagues suggest, the improved sense of smell in the neornithes might have made them better foragers than earlier types of bird, and this may have some bearing on why they survived the end-Cretaceous mass extinction 65 million years ago while more archaic bird lineages perished.

The results of the new study reverses one of the long-standing misconceptions about birds and their evolution. Some modern bird lineages lost their powerful scent detecting abilities over time, but, early on, birds were as adept at picking up smells as their dinosaur ancestors. Paired with future studies focused on the parts of the brain associated with vision, studies like this will help us better understand how birds and dinosaurs navigated through their prehistoric worlds.

References:

Zelenitsky, D., Therrien, F., Ridgely, R., McGee, A., & Witmer, L. (2011). Evolution of olfaction in non-avian theropod dinosaurs and birds Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2011.0238

http://blogs.smithsonianmag.com