An action thriller by Jock Miller


Fossil fuel has an ageless affinity with dinosaurs. To create oil, dinosaurs died.


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The perfect energy storm is sweeping over the United States: Japan’s Fukushima nuclear plant meltdown has paralyzed nuclear expansion globally, BP’s Gulf of Mexico oil spill has stalled deep water drilling, Arab oil countries are in turmoil causing doubt about access to future oil, the intensity of hurricanes hitting the Gulf’s oil rigs and refineries has intensified due to global warming, and the nation’s Strategic Oil Supply is riding on empty.

As the energy storm intensifies, the nation’s access to Arab oil, once supplying over sixty percent of our fossil fuel, is being threatened causing people to panic for lack of gas at the pumps, stranding cars across the country and inciting riots.


The U.S. Military is forced to cut back air, land, and sea operations sucking up 58% of every barrel of oil to protect the nation; U.S. commercial airlines are forced to limit flights for lack of jet fuel; and businesses are challenged to power up their factories, and offices as the U.S. Department of Energy desperately tries to provide a balance of electric power from the network of aged power plants and transmission lines that power up the nation.

The United States must find new sources of domestic fossil fuel urgently or face an energy crisis that will plunge the nation into a deep depression worse than 1929.

The energy storm is very real and happening this very moment. But, at the last moment of desperation, the United States discovers the world’s largest fossil fuel deposit found in a remote inaccessible mountain range within Alaska’s Noatak National Preserve surrounding six and a half million acres.

Preventing access to the oil is a colony of living fossil dinosaurs that will protect its territory to the death.

Nobody gets out alive; nobody can identify the predator--until Dr. Kimberly Fulton, Curator of Paleontology at New York’s Museum of Natural History, is flown into the inaccessible area by Scott Chandler, the Marine veteran helicopter pilot who’s the Park’s Manager of Wildlife. All hell breaks loose when Fulton’s teenage son and his girlfriend vanish into the Park.


Will the nation’s military be paralyzed for lack of mobility fuel, and will people across America run out of gas and be stranded, or will the U.S. Military succeed in penetrating this remote mountain range in northwestern Alaska to restore fossil fuel supplies in time to save the nation from the worst energy driven catastrophe in recorded history?

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"Feathered" Dinosaur Was Bald, Not Bird Ancestor, Controversial Study Says

Photographs by O. Louis Mazzatenta/NGS


A close-up view of the head and neck of a 120-million-year-old Sinosauropteryx fossil (top) shows imprints around the body that have long been believed to be early versions of feathers.

New analysis of another fossil of this turkey-size dino species (model at bottom) concludes that the features are actually the remains of collagen fibers and that the dinosaur was bald. The work casts a shadow on the popular theory that Sinosauropteryx and other members of the dinosaur group known as therapods are the ancestors of modern birds.

Eleven Nations With Large Fossil-Fuel Subsidies

Egypt: Subsidized Shortages


 Photograph from Washington Post/Getty Images


Motorists are seen here converging on a gas station in Cairo, Egypt, as shortages spread in the uprising that led to the ouster of longtime President Hosni Mubarak. More than a year later, fuel shortages continue to plague Egypt. Officials have offered numerous explanations, but most reports agree the country is short on credit to pay for imports to meet domestic demand for highly subsidized fuel. Egypt's fossil-fuel subsidy burden was $20.3 billion in 2010.


Its gasoline prices are among the lowest in the world, and although Egypt is a large oil producer, the country consumes 90 percent domestically, leaving little to export for revenue.

Egypt's Minister of Petroleum recently said he sees no reason to raise prices. The government, however, does plan to attempt to switch its industries from oil to cheaper natural gas, to cut its subsidy bill without raising fuel prices. Egypt also aims to ration subsidized liquid petroleum gas to one or two canisters per family per month, but both plans have not been fully implemented, according to Reuters.

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Eleven Nations With Large Fossil-Fuel Subsidies

India: Drumbeat of Demand


Photograph by Divyakant Solanki, European Pressphoto Agency

A worker heaves a liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) cylinder onto a truck in Mumbai, India, where fossil-fuel subsidies weigh heavily on the nation's finances. Without a large network of piped natural gas for cooking, city-dwelling Indians rely on canisters of LPG, which the government provides at deeply subsidized rates. 

Fossil-fuel subsides are more prevalent in countries that export fuel, but India, followed closely by China, has the highest subsidies among importers, totaling $22 billion in 2010.

A quarter of India's 1.2 billion people live below the poverty line, but here, as in other high-subsidy countries, the government supports are more likely to benefit the rich. An International Institute for Sustainable Development study catalogued how the overwhelming majority of Indians who use LPG as a cooking fuel live in urban areas, with most gas consumed by the well-off. Indian's rural dwellers tend to cook over coal, wood, or dung fires.

Globally, only 8 percent of fossil-fuel subsidies reached the world's poorest populations, according to the International Energy Agency, which has urged nations to move to direct spending on health and welfare programs that would target the poor more efficiently.

In 2010, India deregulated the price of gasoline, but public protests over that shift stymied reform. Fearing a public backlash, the government has not raised prices for cooking fuel or diesel since 2011, even though its central bank has urged fuel price increases to improve India's finances and slow energy imports.

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Eubrontes


 

Eubrontes is the name of the footprints, identified by their shape, and not of the genus or genera that made them, which is as yet unknown. They are most famous for their discovery in the Connecticut River Valley of Massachusetts in the early 19th century. They, among other footprints, were the first known dinosaur remains to be discovered in North America, though they were initially thought to have been made by large birds by Edward Hitchcock, a professor of Amherst College. Another major find occurred at rocky Hill, Connecticut in 1966. Nearly 600 prints are preserved there in an area now designated Dinosaur State Park.




Eubrontes prints. Dinosaur State Park and Arboretum

Best Dinosaur Movies Ever Made?

What Are the Best Dinosaur Movies Ever Made?

Movie reel, courtesy of Flickr user gomattolson
Movie reel, courtesy of Flickr user gomattolson

As sorry as I am to admit it, most movies with dinosaurs in them are not very good. It is far easier for me to think of bad dinosaur movies (I still have nightmares from Theodore Rex, and that was meant to be a comedy) than good ones, but there are a few shining examples of what dino-cinema can be if done right.

This is the high-water mark for dinosaur films. Based upon the novel of the same name, this 20th-century “Frankenstein” fable featured some of the best-looking dinosaurs ever seen on film and ushered in a new age of dino-mania. Sure, there were a lot of scientific problems and inaccuracies with the movie, but the fact of the matter is that, 17 years after it was released, Jurassic Park is still a lot of fun to watch. (The first film was followed up by two so-so sequels.)

King Kong (1933)
Even though a giant gorilla was the tragic star of King Kong, when I first saw it I was rooting for the dinosaurs. It didn’t matter that they were stop-motion creatures filmed in black-and-white five decades before I was born—the Tyrannosaurus, Stegosaurus, and other assorted prehistoric monsters in the film were every bit as threatening as the movie’s star. The battle between Tyrannosaurus and King Kong, especially, is one of the most exciting confrontations ever projected onto the silver screen.

King Kong (2005)
Ok, it might seem like a bit of a cheat to list a remake as a separate movie, but I think the 2005 version of King Kong deserves special mention. While the story generally hewed to the one laid out in the 1933 original, the creature creators working on the 21st-century remake envisioned what the living descendants of prehistoric creatures might look like. The modern-day descendant of T. rex, dubbed Vastatosaurus rex, got most of the attention, but there were also “raptors” (Venatosaurus), Brontosaurus and a slew of other imaginary dinosaurs. In fact, more dinosaurs were imagined than made it into the film, and the book The World of Kong: A Natural History of Skull Island describes them in detail.

Given the number of annoying sequels this film has produced, I had some qualms about placing it on this list, but since it was the first dinosaur movie I ever saw in theaters it holds a special place in my heart. The tale of a group of anthropomorphic misfit dinosaur trying to make it to the “Great Valley,” The Land Before Time fit in with the notion (still relatively new when it was released) that dinosaurs had family lives and were not just dumb reptiles. Spike, the mute Stegosaurus youngster, was my favorite character, and I think I still have a stuffed animal version of him around here somewhere….

Gojira (1954)
This movie monster, essentially a radioactive dinosaur, has starred in over 28 films to date, but the original 1954 Japanese film is by far the best. As much a social commentary on the use of atomic weapons on Japan during WWII as a straight-up monster flick, the first Godzilla film is arguably one of the most important movies ever made (if for no other reason that its star has had such enduring popularity—a series reboot is already underway).
What makes for a “good” dinosaur film is largely subjective, though. What are your favorites?

Non-Avian Dinosaur Eats Avian Dinosaur



A Microraptor catches a prehistoric bird, based on bird bones found within one Microraptor specimen. Art by Brian Choo and from O'Connor et al., 2011.

In life, Microraptor gui must have been an elegant dinosaur. This small, sickle-clawed dromaeosaurid was covered in plumage, including long feathers along its arms and legs. We know this thanks to the exquisite preservation of multiple Microraptor specimens found in the roughly 120-million-year-old strata of northeastern China. But feathers aren’t the only delicate dinosaur features that remained intact during the process of death, burial and fossilization. In at least one Microraptor specimen, paleontologists have found scraps of the dinosaur’s last meal.


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Eleven Nations With Large Fossil-Fuel Subsidies

Russia: An Economic Chill

 Apartment buildings on permafrost in Siberia

Photograph by Steve Raymer, National Geographic

Apartment buildings huddle on permafrost amid a huge natural gas field in Siberia, where Russia's subsidies drive both production and waste.

Subsidies cost Russia $39.3 billion in 2010, says IEA, but that understates the economic impact. Russia's spending to heat homes is double that of its Arctic neighbor, Canada, in terms of energy "intensity" (heat consumed per unit of GDP), even though Canada has colder average temperatures. Russia has more people living in colder regions, a relic of Soviet planning that forced large numbers of people into frigid frontiers that the government sought to industrialize, especially for extraction of natural resources.

The payoff of that investment is Russia's rank as the world's largest natural gas producer and exporter, but there has been a price.   Some 60 percent of the natural gas it produces is sold at cheap subsidized rates to Russian businesses and private consumers, and fires inefficient district heating systems. It's not uncommon for apartment dwellers in winter to open their windows to vent unwanted warm air. At least one quarter of the heat generated in these distribution systems is lost, and Russia's energy waste is reckoned to be equal to all the energy consumed in France.

Not only is Russia losing export revenue due to its subsidy system, but its Siberian fields are being depleted. The International Energy Agency now projects that both the United States and China will overtake Russia in natural gas production over the next 25 years. 

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Author Interview On My Addiction



Jock Miller received his BS degree in Zoology from Ohio Wesleyan University. He attended Harvard Business School to participate in a case study relating to publishing management which was sponsored by the American Business Press.

He served with Billboard Publishing as a director of Marketing and Sales and went onto being a Director of Circulation on twelve magazines. Miller has appeared on Cable Talk Shows, Radio Talk Shows and has been interviewed live by Barbara Walters on the Today Show.

We are extremely honored to have such a popular talent willing to do an interview on our blog.

Welcome Jock.

As a start – before we dive into the novel. Would you mind giving readers a bit of insight when it comes to your writing career? What made you bridge the gap between animals, publishing and writing?

Answer: I had never written anything creatively in novel format until I saw the movie, Jaws in 1977. I was so inspired by the creative aspects of the film that I said to myself: Why couldn’t I come up with a thriller like that. In short, a sat down one rainy afternoon and wrote the first sentence of a novel. Result? I churned out a three hundred page novel in ninety days. I can not share the name of the book or the concept…because I am now one third of the way through a rewrite of that novel and I hope to finish it within the year.

I got an agent, Sterling Lord, and they thought they had sold it to Simon and Schuster during the first week, but the subsidiary rights manager said no to the book. Then on to Tom Condon who edited Jaws at Doubleday. He loved the action and concept and had me do two rewrites; however, he eventually turned it down. Then David Brown of Brown Zanuck (Jaws, Sting, and Chocolate) read the book and called me in for a two hour meeting. He said, “If you sell the hardcover, I want first option on the movie rights.” After two years, the novel never sold, but I came close and the net of it was that after I wrote that first sentence, I never stopped writing. My life’s dream was, after that first experience: publish a hardcover novel and get it sold as a commercial movie. Fossil River was my first “published book” on Kindle E-Book.


So the novel is an intertwined adventure that binds the past with the future. I mean Dinosaurs and Oil – how did you come up with that plot?

Answer: Like my first novel that never got published, I am constantly thinking of not only current affairs and what is happening in the global market, but what would be a BIG commercial topic that would be timely. David Brown. Brown Zanick, the movie producer, told me that “You have to be able to say what the book is about in less than four words. I.E. “Sharks attacking Swimmers.” In the case of Fossil River, “Dinosaurs protecting their territory which happens to surround the largest mother load of fossil fuel.” Or, “Dinosaurs and Oil.” Out of that concept, I coupled the “What If factor,” current events, the United States running out of oil with finding the mother load of fossil fuel in Alaska within a massive inaccessible preserve. The challenge: how does the country gain access to the oil, as the lights are dimming and transportation has become limited, when the oil field is surrounded by a vicious colony of Living Fossils?

The novel is called Fossil River. Can you tell readers what to expect within what seems to be a very intriguing read.

Answer: Fossil River is an action oriented thriller that puts lives at risk not only for the energy research team entering the area, but Marines within the US Military. The big question is: Will the nation be able to gain access to the fossil fuel field in time to turn the lights back on, and save the transportation industry that relies on fossil fuel (cars, trucks, trains, airplanes and the biggest user of all, the US Military), before the Living Fossil Colony prevents all encroachers to get out of its territory alive.

How has Amazon Sales been so far?

Answer: Over 10,000 readers have downloaded Fossil River. Currently, it is ranked # 3 in Science Fiction Adventure, #2 in Oil Crisis, #1 in Man VS Nature, #2 in Family Adventure, #16 in Dinosaurs, #14 in Oil Industry, #1 in Family Thriller, #10 in Disabled Hero, and #82 in Marines.

What gender is your target market?

Answer: Male and female: teenagers and adults. The male protagonist is a Marine Wounded Warrior helicopter pilot, the female protagonist is the Paleontologist Curator at New York’s Museum of Natural History, and the two teenagers (boy and girl) are thrown into a life and death situation when they get lost in the Alaskan Preserve.

Are you currently working on anything else?

Answer: Yes. As mentioned, I am working on the first novel I wrote years ago and I have a third book that I will work on upon completion of this next novel which is a psychological thriller.

Where can readers stay in contact with you?

Answer: By going to my Fossil River Blog: Google “Fossil River the novel” and you will see updated information. You can also go to Kindle E-Book under Fossil River and there is all the relative information to Fossil River.

As a writer myself in the outskirts of Africa (And believe me getting published around here is like attempting a world plague) tell our fellow aspiring writers what they should look for on the road towards getting published. How could writers around here try and get into your international markets.

Answer: While my first priority historically has been to try and get published in hardcover, the world of the printed word and the E-Book market have both changed dramatically. Hardcover editors are VERY reluctant to take on a new unproven author and there are so many authors looking to be discovered so it is very tough to break through this iron curtain to get a read from the editors. For me, the champion and true professor of the written word is Ken Atchity, AEI Entertainment. Ken not only edited Fossil River but helped me package the book for Amazon Kindle E-Books. It is vital to connect with someone who has the expertise and the contacts within the field.

As a person that had worked within the publishing and marketing industry I generally find that the stuff that get’s out there fully depends on how much you want it to get out there? What are your views since you have years of experience in the same field?

Answer: For many years, I felt that with my publishing background, I could connect with appropriate agents and/or book publishers; some of that stubbornness slowed the process down; however, there is no substitute for connecting with the right consultant/literary person who has all the contacts and knowledge in order to launch your product. For me, Ken Atchity came to the table with what I needed to make it all happen. 

How did you approach writing this novel? I follow David Farlands daily letter – daily. I find him to have useful tips even though it might sometimes be a tad bit contradictory. As a writer myself I tend to build igloos and pyramids before I get into my work – what’s your method?

Answer: I start with the basic two to three word concept to describe the novel before I write the first word. Once I capture the brief description, then I question how commercial is the subject matter, and most importantly does it capture my creative juices and am I excited about the journey once launched. What I love about the creative journey is that I never know the twists and turns of the plot. It just spills out the moment I write the first word.

What are your future goals? Would you be going movie as I’m sure this type of novel would be very visually dynamic.

Answer: Regarding novel writing, my passionate life goal in this field has always been to have a hardcover book published followed by a commercial movie. There is already movie talk with Fossil River, but the journey along the way in an effort to achieve this goal is a real head rush for me. I am not sure how I will react once these dreams have been achieved, but I have been in love with the process along the way.

 You have your own publishing company. What sort of publishing do you specialize in? If it’s novel where can fellow writers go and look at your submission requirements.

Answer: I started my own publishing company forty-four years ago, and I am very passionate about the vertical niche that we fill with the mission to help Minorities, Women, people with disabilities, and Wounded Warriors connect with industry and government for jobs. Equal Opportunity Publications, Inc. (our website is www.eop.com) publishes seven career magazines and hosts six Career Expos all in the diversity field. With Fossil River, the reader will find that the protagonist is a Wounded Warrior, Purple Heart, who has achieved the highest award from one of our magazines, CAREERS & the disabled, the Employee of the Year. So it is a very real award that is only presented to the TOP Ten Employees within the nation who have a disability.

For our seven magazines, we do have many FREE Lance writers so they can go to our website and review the subject matter.

Dino-Era Bird Flew With Four Wings, Study Says



Illustration and photograph courtesy Nick Longrich

 A well-preserved fossil specimen of Archaeopteryx, the earliest known bird (left), is housed in the Museum of Natural History in Berlin, Germany. The fossil imprint shows feathers along all four limbs and the animal's long tail.

New analysis of the fossil and others suggests that the dino-era species used both forelimbs and hind limbs to glide, as seen in this reconstruction (right). The study supports the theory that birds first took to the skies by gliding from trees.


The fossils were re-examined by paleontologist Nick Longrich from the University of Calgary in Canada, who found that the flying dinosaur's leg feathers have an aerodynamic structure and likely acted as lift-generating "winglets."

Longrich said that his research "puts forward some of the strongest evidence yet that birds descended from arboreal parachuters and gliders, similar to modern flying squirrels."
The study supports the "tree down" theory for the origins of avian flight.

This theory suggests that the immediate ancestors of birds were tree-dwelling dinosaurs that developed the ability to glide and paved the way for self-propelled flight.
The competing "ground up" hypothesis argues that species of terrestrial dinosaurs gave rise to birds by running at high speeds and evolving rudimentary wings that lifted them off the ground.

 

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Eleven Nations With Large Fossil-Fuel Subsidies

Saudi Arabia: Cloud Over Exports


  Photograph by Amr Nabil, AP

Buses jam an intersection near Arafat outside Mecca during the annual pilgrimage that is a sacred duty of the Muslim faith. Not just at the hajj, but throughout the year, fuel is burning in Saudi Arabia at a growing rate.


While in all other parts of the world, energy consumption per unit of GDP has declined over the past 30 years, Saudi Arabia's energy intensity growth rate has tripled since 1980-its economy is growing less efficient.
 
And it's no wonder, because—as in many high-subsidy countries—a gallon of gasoline costs less than a bottle of water here. Of course, Saudi Arabia, as the world's largest oil exporter, sees state revenue soar when the global price of oil rises. But so, too, does the amount of foreign income it forgoes as it provides cut-rate fuel for its citizens; its subsidy bill was about $44 billion in 2010, says IEA.
Because oil is so cheap, it is used in large volume for electricity here-an inefficient and polluting practice that most countries have tried to abandon.


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New "Mini" Dinosaur a Step in Bird Evolution Path

Kevin Holden Platt for National Geographic News




The newfound dinosaur Mahakala omnogovae bears feathers and winglike limbs in this artist's reconstruction.
The 80-million-year-old creature measured just 27.5 inches (70 centimeters) long, which means that it could be a key piece of the evolutionary puzzle of how massive dinosaurs gave rise to today's birds.

Dinosaur digs over the last decade—including many in China—have suggested that several of the ancient reptiles were covered in feathers, a hint of their potential link to birds. 

Mahakala's small size bolsters the idea that some theropods, or bipedal carnivorous dinosaurs, decreased in stature during the evolutionary transition into birds, according to the team of paleontologists who discovered the young adult fossil.

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Eleven Nations With Large Fossil-Fuel Subsidies

China: Coal-Fired Consumption

Photograph by Greg Girard, National Geographic
Day laborers pound coal in Shizuishan, China part of the sprawling fossil-fuel complex that powers the economy of the world's largest energy consumer.



Although China is adding solar and wind energy rapidly, renewables cannot keep pace with coal, which generates 80 percent of the nation's electricity. China, one of the few countries that subsidizes the black rock, consumes more coal than the United States, the European Union, and Japan combined.

Although the size of China's subsidies, $21.3 billion in 2010, ranks among the largest in the world, they are low compared to the size of the nation's economy and population, totaling about 0.4 percent of GDP and $16 per person.

Still, China is driving world demand for fossil fuel, especially oil, due to skyrocketing automobile ownership that will surpass the United States by 2030, when it is estimated China will have more than 390 million cars.

(Related Quiz: What You Don't Know About Cars And Fuel)

The IEA calculates that a phase-out of fossil-fuel subsidies would trim global oil demand by 3.7 million barrels per day by 2020, and by 4.4 million barrels per day, or 4 percent, by 2035. "Higher prices (and expectations of such) contribute to greater conservation and the uptake of more efficient vehicles long after the phase-out of subsidies has been completed," IEA said.

Also, natural gas demand could be cut by nearly 10 percent, and coal demand by more than 5 percent by 2035, just by removing subsidies, IEA says. Energy-related carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions would fall 1.7 gigatons, about 5 percent, below the 36.1 gigatons now projected for 2020. That would be the equivalent of eliminating all of the CO2 emissions of Russia, and similar to the anticipated savings from all climate change policy plans now being weig


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Dino-Era Feathers Found Encased in Amber



Seven primitive-looking feathers found in amber date back a hundred million years and could fill a key gap in the puzzle of how dinosaurs gave rise to birds, a new study says. 

The feathers share features of feather-like fibers from two-legged dinosaurs known as theropods and of modern bird feathers, researchers say.
Seven dino-era feathers found perfectly preserved in amber in western France highlight a crucial stage in feather evolution, scientists report.

The hundred-million-year-old plumage has features of both feather-like fibers found with some two-legged dinosaurs known as theropods and of modern bird feathers, the researchers said.

This means the fossils could fill a key gap in the puzzle of how dinosaurs gave rise to birds, according to a team led by Vincent Perrichot of the Museum für Naturkunde-Berlin in Germany.

The find provides a clear example "of the passage between primitive filamentous down and a modern feather," said team member Didier Néraudeau of the University of Rennes in France.


Photograph courtesy Didier Néraudeau

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Eleven Nations With Large Fossil-Fuel Subsidies

Iran: A Heavy Fiscal Burden

Photograph from AP
Fire spreads through a Tehran gasoline station in 2007, the kind of protest that has paralyzed governments around the world that are addicted to fossil-fuel subsidies.



Iran has long led the world in government support for oil consumption, spending $80 billion in 2010 to ensure that its citizens would have cheap gasoline. But the Islamic Republic, which has taken major steps since then to slough off this growing burden on its economy, is far from alone.

Global government spending on programs that directly lowered the cost of consuming or producing oil, natural gas, or coal totaled $409 billion in 2010, a number expected to swell to $630 billion this year, the International Energy Agency (IEA) says. Add to that figure $45 billion to $75 billion in tax breaks and other support for oil companies in the mostly developed nations, led by the United States, that are part of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, an OECD inventory shows.

Renewable energy gets government support, too—about $66 billion in 2010, says IEA; fossil fuel subsidies were at least six times larger.

Fossil-fuel subsidies have strained government finances. And because below-market fuel prices encourage wasteful consumption and undermine efforts to slow climate change, the issue is front and center this week at the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development in Rio de Janeiro. Nations have been slow to fulfill the climate-protection pledges first made 20 years ago in this Brazilian city at the historic Earth Summit. But many believe Rio+20 could bring consensus on fossil-fuel subsidy reform that would slash global carbon dioxide emissions significantly, even though concern for the planet is not the prime motivator for many countries.

Iran is a case in point. With its finances under pressure due to Western-led sanctions over its nuclear program, Iran became the first major oil-exporting country to enact large subsidy cuts in December 2010. Wary of the miles-long gas lines and civil unrest sparked by the 2007 gas rationing, its earlier effort to curb subsidy costs, the government set a different course. The legislature approved raising fuel prices while compensating citizens with monthly cash payments. A public relations campaign delivered the message that subsidies promoted waste and social injustice because the poorest citizens here, as in most high-subsidy countries, do not benefit as much as the wealthy.

President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad announced sweeping economic "surgery," and on December 19, 2010, gasoline prices quadrupled to $1.44 per gallon (38 cents per liter). Riot police were deployed, but violence never materialized.

Mohammad Reza Farzin, Iran's deputy finance minister and head of the subsidy reform, co-authored an International Monetary Fund working paper that said the price increases removed $50 to $60 billion in fuel subsidies, distributed at least $30 billion in cash to citizens, and freed $10 to $15 billion for investment in energy efficiency.   Read More

 —Joe Eaton